Corrected grammar, spelling, and idiom in chapter 7.

4 files changed, 54 insertions, 58 deletions

diff --git a/chapter07/chroot.xml b/chapter07/chroot.xml
index 6404c0625..69bc6ce69 100644
--- a/chapter07/chroot.xml
+++ b/chapter07/chroot.xml
@@ -11,11 +11,11 @@
   <title>Entering the Chroot Environment</title>
 
   <para>Now that all the packages which are required to build the rest of the
-  needed tools are on the system, it is time to enter the chroot environment to
-  finish installing the remaining temporary tools. This environment will be in
-  use also for installing the final system. As user <systemitem
+  needed tools are on the system, it is time to enter the chroot environment and
+  finish installing the temporary tools. This environment will also be
+  used to install the final system. As user <systemitem
   class="username">root</systemitem>, run the following command to enter the
-  environment that is, at the moment, populated with only the temporary
+  environment that is, at the moment, populated with nothing but temporary
   tools:</para>
 
 <screen role="nodump"><userinput>chroot "$LFS" /usr/bin/env -i   \
@@ -26,25 +26,25 @@
     /bin/bash --login</userinput></screen>
 
   <para>The <parameter>-i</parameter> option given to the <command>env</command>
-  command will clear all variables of the chroot environment. After that, only
+  command will clear all the variables in the chroot environment. After that, only
   the <envar>HOME</envar>, <envar>TERM</envar>, <envar>PS1</envar>, and
   <envar>PATH</envar> variables are set again. The
-  <parameter>TERM=$TERM</parameter> construct will set the <envar>TERM</envar>
+  <parameter>TERM=$TERM</parameter> construct sets the <envar>TERM</envar>
   variable inside chroot to the same value as outside chroot. This variable is
-  needed for programs like <command>vim</command> and <command>less</command>
-  to operate properly.  If other variables are desired, such as
+  needed so programs like <command>vim</command> and <command>less</command>
+  can operate properly.  If other variables are desired, such as
   <envar>CFLAGS</envar> or <envar>CXXFLAGS</envar>, this is a good place to set
-  them again.</para>
+  them.</para>
 
   <para>From this point on, there is no need to use the
-  <envar>LFS</envar> variable anymore because all work will be restricted
-  to the LFS file system.  This is because the Bash shell is told that
+  <envar>LFS</envar> variable any more because all work will be restricted
+  to the LFS file system; the <command>chroot</command> command tells the Bash shell that
   <filename class="directory">$LFS</filename> is now the root
   (<filename class="directory">/</filename>) directory.</para>
 
   <para>Notice that <filename class="directory">/tools/bin</filename> is not
   in the <envar>PATH</envar>. This means that the cross toolchain will no longer be
-  used in the chroot environment.</para>
+  used.</para>
 
   <para>Note that the <command>bash</command> prompt will say
   <computeroutput>I have no name!</computeroutput> This is normal because the
diff --git a/chapter07/cleanup.xml b/chapter07/cleanup.xml
index 2a83e2d62..356f3c34e 100644
--- a/chapter07/cleanup.xml
+++ b/chapter07/cleanup.xml
@@ -13,15 +13,15 @@
   <sect2>
     <title>Cleaning</title>
 
-    <para>First, remove the currently installed documentation to prevent them
+    <para>First, remove the currently installed documentation files to prevent them
     from ending up in the final system, and to save about 35 MB:</para>
 
 <screen><userinput>rm -rf /usr/share/{info,man,doc}/*</userinput></screen>
 
     <para>Second, on a modern Linux system, the libtool .la files are only
-    useful for libltdl.  No libraries in LFS are expected to be loaded by
-    libltdl, and it's known that some .la files can cause BLFS packages
-    fail to build.  Remove those files now:</para>
+    useful for libltdl.  No libraries in LFS are loaded by
+    libltdl, and it's known that some .la files can cause BLFS package
+    failures.  Remove those files now:</para>
 
 <screen><userinput>find /usr/{lib,libexec} -name \*.la -delete</userinput></screen>
 
@@ -42,9 +42,9 @@
       and your current LFS system is in a good state. Your system can now be
       backed up for later reuse. In case of fatal failures in the subsequent
       chapters, it often turns out that removing everything and starting over
-      (more carefully) is the best option to recover. Unfortunately, all the
+      (more carefully) is the best way to recover. Unfortunately, all the
       temporary files will be removed, too. To avoid spending extra time to
-      redo something which has been built successfully, creating a backup of
+      redo something which has been done successfully, creating a backup of
       the current LFS system may prove useful.
     </para>
 
@@ -58,13 +58,12 @@
 
     <para>
       The following steps are performed from outside the chroot
-      environment. That means, you have to leave the chroot environment
+      environment. That means you have to leave the chroot environment
       first before continuing. The reason for that is to
       get access to file system locations outside of the chroot
-      environment to store/read the backup archive which should
+      environment to store/read the backup archive, which ought
       not be placed within the
-      <filename class="directory">$LFS</filename> hierarchy for
-      safety reasons.
+      <filename class="directory">$LFS</filename> hierarchy.
     </para>
 
     <para>
@@ -78,7 +77,7 @@
         All of the following instructions are executed by
         <systemitem class="username">root</systemitem> on your host system.
         Take extra care about the commands you're going to run as mistakes
-        here can modify your host system. Be aware that the
+        made here can modify your host system. Be aware that the
         environment variable <envar>LFS</envar>
         is set for user <systemitem class="username">lfs</systemitem> by default
         but may <emphasis>not</emphasis> be set for
@@ -101,17 +100,14 @@ umount $LFS/{sys,proc,run,dev}</userinput></screen>
 
     <para>
       Make sure you have at least 1 GB free disk space (the source tarballs
-      will be included in the backup archive) on the filesystem containing
-      directory where you create the backup archive.
+      will be included in the backup archive) on the file system containing
+      the directory where you create the backup archive.
     </para>
 
     <para>
       Note that the instructions below specify the home directory of the host
       system's <systemitem class="username">root</systemitem> user, which is
-      typically found on the root filesystem.
-    </para>
-
-    <para>
+      typically found on the root file system.
       Replace <envar>$HOME</envar> by a directory of your choice if you
       do not want to have the backup stored in <systemitem
       class="username">root</systemitem>'s home directory.
@@ -149,7 +145,7 @@ tar -cJpf $HOME/lfs-temp-tools-&version;.tar.xz .</userinput></screen>
       Since the sources are located under
       <filename class="directory">$LFS</filename>, they are included in the
       backup archive as well, so they do not need to be downloaded again. After
-      checking that <envar>$LFS</envar> is set properly,
+      checking that <envar>$LFS</envar> is set properly, you can
       restore the backup by executing the following commands:
     </para>
 
@@ -167,7 +163,7 @@ rm -rf ./*
 tar -xpf $HOME/lfs-temp-tools-&version;.tar.xz</computeroutput></screen>
 
     <para>
-       Again, double check that the environment has been setup properly
+       Again, double check that the environment has been set up properly
        and continue building the rest of the system.
     </para>
 
@@ -175,7 +171,7 @@ tar -xpf $HOME/lfs-temp-tools-&version;.tar.xz</computeroutput></screen>
       <para>
          If you left the chroot environment to create a backup or restart
          building using a restore, remember to check that the virtual
-         filesystems are still mounted (<command>findmnt | grep
+         file systems are still mounted (<command>findmnt | grep
          $LFS</command>).  If they are not mounted, remount them now as
          described in <xref linkend='ch-tools-kernfs'/> and re-enter the chroot
          environment (see <xref linkend='ch-tools-chroot'/>) before continuing.
diff --git a/chapter07/createfiles.xml b/chapter07/createfiles.xml
index ca7de3802..2434a6b17 100644
--- a/chapter07/createfiles.xml
+++ b/chapter07/createfiles.xml
@@ -34,11 +34,11 @@
     <primary sortas="e-/var/log/wtmp">/var/log/wtmp</primary>
   </indexterm>
 
-  <para>Historically, Linux maintains a list of the mounted file systems in the
+  <para>Historically, Linux maintained a list of the mounted file systems in the
   file <filename>/etc/mtab</filename>. Modern kernels maintain this list
   internally and expose it to the user via the <filename
   class="directory">/proc</filename> filesystem. To satisfy utilities that
-  expect the presence of <filename>/etc/mtab</filename>, create the following
+  expect to find <filename>/etc/mtab</filename>, create the following
   symbolic link:</para>
 
 <screen><userinput>ln -sv /proc/self/mounts /etc/mtab</userinput></screen>
@@ -159,13 +159,13 @@ EOF</userinput></screen>
 
   <para>The created groups are not part of any standard&mdash;they are groups
   decided on in part by the requirements of the Udev configuration in Chapter
-  9, and in part by common convention employed by a number of existing Linux
+  9, and in part by common conventions employed by a number of existing Linux
   distributions. In addition, some test suites rely on specific users or
   groups.  The Linux Standard Base (LSB, available at <ulink
   url="https://refspecs.linuxfoundation.org/lsb.shtml"/>) only recommends that,
   besides the group <systemitem class="groupname">root</systemitem> with a
   Group ID (GID) of 0, a group <systemitem class="groupname">bin</systemitem>
-  with a GID of 1 be present. The GID of 5 is widely used for
+  with a GID of 1 be present. The GID of 5 is widely used for the
   <systemitem class="groupname">tty</systemitem> group, and the number 5 is
   also used in <phrase revision="systemd">systemd</phrase>
   <phrase revision="sysv"><filename>/etc/fstab</filename></phrase> for the
@@ -179,7 +179,7 @@ EOF</userinput></screen>
   or the parent user namespace, but <quote>do not exist</quote> on the local
   machine or in the separate namespace).  We assign
   <systemitem class="username">nobody</systemitem> and
-  <systemitem class="groupname">nogroup</systemitem> for it to avoid an
+  <systemitem class="groupname">nogroup</systemitem> to avoid an
   unnamed ID.  But other distros may treat this ID differently, so any
   portable program should not depend on this assignment.</para>
 
diff --git a/chapter07/kernfs.xml b/chapter07/kernfs.xml
index 3e96bee5e..48826d06c 100644
--- a/chapter07/kernfs.xml
+++ b/chapter07/kernfs.xml
@@ -15,13 +15,13 @@
   </indexterm>
 
     <para>Applications running in user space utilize various file 
-    systems exported by the kernel to communicate 
+    systems created by the kernel to communicate 
     with the kernel itself. These file systems are virtual: no disk
-    space is used for them. The content of the file systems resides in
+    space is used for them. The content of these file systems resides in
     memory. These file systems must be mounted in the $LFS directory tree
     so the applications can find them in the chroot environment.</para>
 
-    <para>Begin by creating directories on which the file systems will be
+    <para>Begin by creating the directories on which these virtual file systems will be
     mounted:</para>
 
 <screen><userinput>mkdir -pv $LFS/{dev,proc,sys,run}</userinput></screen>
@@ -29,31 +29,31 @@
   <sect2 id="ch-tools-bindmount">
     <title>Mounting and Populating /dev</title>
 
-      <para>During a normal boot of the LFS system, the kernel automatically
+      <para>During a normal boot of an LFS system, the kernel automatically
       mounts the <systemitem class="filesystem">devtmpfs</systemitem>
-      filesystem on the
+      file system on the
       <filename class="directory">/dev</filename> directory; the kernel
-      creates device nodes on that virtual filesystem during the boot process
+      creates device nodes on that virtual file system during the boot process,
       or when a device is first detected or accessed. The udev daemon may
-      change the owner or permission of the device nodes created by the
-      kernel, or create new device nodes or symlinks to ease the work of
-      distro maintainers or system administrators.  (See
+      change the ownership or permissions of the device nodes created by the
+      kernel, and create new device nodes or symlinks, to ease the work of
+      distro maintainers and system administrators.  (See
       <xref linkend='ch-config-udev-device-node-creation'/> for details.)
       If the host kernel supports &devtmpfs;, we can simply mount a
       &devtmpfs; at <filename class='directory'>$LFS/dev</filename> and rely
-      on the kernel to populate it (the LFS building process does not need
-      the additional work onto &devtmpfs; by udev daemon).</para>
-
-      <para>But, some host kernels may lack &devtmpfs; support and these
-      host distros maintain the content of
-      <filename class="directory">/dev</filename> with different methods.
-      So the only host-agnostic way for populating
-      <filename class="directory">$LFS/dev</filename> is
-      bind mounting the host system's
+      on the kernel to populate it (i.e., the udev daemon will do the
+      necessary work automatically).</para>
+
+      <para>But some host kernels lack &devtmpfs; support; these
+      host distros use different methods to create the content of
+      <filename class="directory">/dev</filename>.
+      So the only host-agnostic way to populate the
+      <filename class="directory">$LFS/dev</filename> directory is
+      by bind mounting the host system's
       <filename class="directory">/dev</filename> directory. A bind mount is
-      a special type of mount that allows you to create a mirror of a
+      a special type of mount that generates a duplicate copy of a
       directory or mount point at some other location. Use the following
-      command to do this:</para>
+      command to do this.</para>
 
 <screen><userinput>mount -v --bind /dev $LFS/dev</userinput></screen>
 
@@ -62,7 +62,7 @@
   <sect2 id="ch-tools-kernfsmount">
     <title>Mounting Virtual Kernel File Systems</title>
 
-      <para>Now mount the remaining virtual kernel filesystems:</para>
+      <para>Now mount the remaining virtual kernel file systems:</para>
 
 <screen><userinput>mount -v --bind /dev/pts $LFS/dev/pts
 mount -vt proc proc $LFS/proc