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<?xml version="1.0" encoding="ISO-8859-1"?>
<!DOCTYPE sect1 PUBLIC "-//OASIS//DTD DocBook XML V4.5//EN"
"http://www.oasis-open.org/docbook/xml/4.5/docbookx.dtd" [
<!ENTITY % general-entities SYSTEM "../general.ent">
%general-entities;
]>
<sect1 id="ch-preps-settingenviron">
<?dbhtml filename="settingenvironment.html"?>
<title>Setting Up the Environment</title>
<para>Set up a good working environment by creating two new startup files
for the <command>bash</command> shell. While logged in as user
<systemitem class="username">lfs</systemitem>, issue the following command
to create a new <filename>.bash_profile</filename>:</para>
<screen><userinput>cat > ~/.bash_profile << "EOF"
<literal>exec env -i HOME=$HOME TERM=$TERM PS1='\u:\w\$ ' /bin/bash</literal>
EOF</userinput></screen>
<para>When logged on as user <systemitem class="username">lfs</systemitem>,
the initial shell is usually a <emphasis>login</emphasis> shell which reads
the <filename>/etc/profile</filename> of the host (probably containing some
settings and environment variables) and then <filename>.bash_profile</filename>.
The <command>exec env -i.../bin/bash</command> command in the
<filename>.bash_profile</filename> file replaces the running shell with a new
one with a completely empty environment, except for the <envar>HOME</envar>,
<envar>TERM</envar>, and <envar>PS1</envar> variables. This ensures that no
unwanted and potentially hazardous environment variables from the host system
leak into the build environment. The technique used here achieves the goal of
ensuring a clean environment.</para>
<para>The new instance of the shell is a <emphasis>non-login</emphasis>
shell, which does not read, and execute, the conten of <filename>/etc/profile</filename> or
<filename>.bash_profile</filename> files, but rather reads, and executes, the
<filename>.bashrc</filename> file instead. Create the
<filename>.bashrc</filename> file now:</para>
<screen><userinput>cat > ~/.bashrc << "EOF"
<literal>set +h
umask 022
LFS=/mnt/lfs
LC_ALL=POSIX
LFS_TGT=$(uname -m)-lfs-linux-gnu
PATH=/usr/bin
if [ ! -L /bin ]; then PATH=/bin:$PATH; fi
PATH=$LFS/tools/bin:$PATH
export LFS LC_ALL LFS_TGT PATH</literal>
EOF</userinput></screen>
<variablelist>
<title>The meaning of the settings in <filename>.bashrc</filename></title>
<varlistentry>
<term><parameter>set +h</parameter></term>
<listitem>
<para>The <command>set +h</command> command turns off
<command>bash</command>'s hash function. Hashing is ordinarily a useful
feature—<command>bash</command> uses a hash table to remember the
full path of executable files to avoid searching the <envar>PATH</envar>
time and again to find the same executable. However, the new tools should
be used as soon as they are installed. By switching off the hash function,
the shell will always search the <envar>PATH</envar> when a program is to
be run. As such, the shell will find the newly compiled tools in
<filename class="directory">$LFS/tools</filename> as soon as they are
available without remembering a previous version of the same program in a
different location.</para>
</listitem>
</varlistentry>
<varlistentry>
<term><parameter>umask 022</parameter></term>
<listitem>
<para>Setting the user file-creation mask (umask) to 022 ensures that newly
created files and directories are only writable by their owner, but are
readable and executable by anyone (assuming default modes are used by the
<function>open(2)</function> system call, new files will end up with permission
mode 644 and directories with mode 755).</para>
</listitem>
</varlistentry>
<varlistentry>
<term><parameter>LFS=/mnt/lfs</parameter></term>
<listitem>
<para>The <envar>LFS</envar> variable should be set to the chosen mount
point.</para>
</listitem>
</varlistentry>
<varlistentry>
<term><parameter>LC_ALL=POSIX</parameter></term>
<listitem>
<para>The <envar>LC_ALL</envar> variable controls the localization of certain
programs, making their messages follow the conventions of a specified country.
Setting <envar>LC_ALL</envar> to <quote>POSIX</quote> or <quote>C</quote>
(the two are equivalent) ensures that everything will work as expected in
the chroot environment.</para>
</listitem>
</varlistentry>
<varlistentry>
<term><parameter>LFS_TGT=(uname -m)-lfs-linux-gnu</parameter></term>
<listitem>
<para>The <envar>LFS_TGT</envar> variable sets a non-default, but compatible machine
description for use when building our cross compiler and linker and when cross
compiling our temporary toolchain. More information is contained in
<xref linkend="ch-tools-toolchaintechnotes" role=""/>.</para>
</listitem>
</varlistentry>
<varlistentry>
<term><parameter>PATH=/usr/bin</parameter></term>
<listitem>
<para>Many modern linux distributions have merged <filename
class="directory">/bin</filename> and <filename
class="directory">/usr/bin</filename>. When this is the case, the standard
<envar>PATH</envar> variable needs just to be set to <filename
class="directory">/usr/bin/</filename> for the <xref
linkend="chapter-temporary-tools"/> environment. When this is not the
case, the following line adds <filename class="directory">/bin</filename>
to the path.</para>
</listitem>
</varlistentry>
<varlistentry>
<term><parameter>if [ ! -L /bin ]; then PATH=/bin:$PATH; fi</parameter></term>
<listitem>
<para>If <filename class="directory">/bin</filename> is not a symbolic
link, then it has to be added to the <envar>PATH</envar> variable.</para>
</listitem>
</varlistentry>
<varlistentry>
<term><parameter>PATH=$LFS/tools/bin:$PATH</parameter></term>
<listitem>
<para>By putting <filename class="directory">$LFS/tools/bin</filename> ahead of the
standard <envar>PATH</envar>, the cross-compiler installed at the beginning
of <xref linkend="chapter-cross-tools"/> is picked up by the shell
immediately after its installation. This, combined with turning off hashing,
limits the risk that the compiler from the host be used instead of the
cross-compiler.</para>
</listitem>
</varlistentry>
<varlistentry>
<term><parameter>export LFS LC_ALL LFS_TGT PATH</parameter></term>
<listitem>
<para>While the above commands have set some variables, in order
to make them visible within any sub-shells, we export them.</para>
</listitem>
</varlistentry>
</variablelist>
<para>Finally, to have the environment fully prepared for building the
temporary tools, source the just-created user profile:</para>
<screen><userinput>source ~/.bash_profile</userinput></screen>
</sect1>
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