path: root/chapter06/createfiles.xml

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<!DOCTYPE sect1 PUBLIC "-//OASIS//DTD DocBook XML V4.5//EN"
  "http://www.oasis-open.org/docbook/xml/4.5/docbookx.dtd" [
  <!ENTITY % general-entities SYSTEM "../general.ent">
  %general-entities;
]>

<sect1 id="ch-system-createfiles">
  <?dbhtml filename="createfiles.html"?>

  <title>Creating Essential Files and Symlinks</title>

  <indexterm zone="ch-system-createfiles">
    <primary sortas="e-/etc/passwd">/etc/passwd</primary>
  </indexterm>

  <indexterm zone="ch-system-createfiles">
    <primary sortas="e-/etc/group">/etc/group</primary>
  </indexterm>

  <indexterm zone="ch-system-createfiles">
    <primary sortas="e-/var/run/utmp">/var/run/utmp</primary>
  </indexterm>

  <indexterm zone="ch-system-createfiles">
    <primary sortas="e-/var/log/btmp">/var/log/btmp</primary>
  </indexterm>

  <indexterm zone="ch-system-createfiles">
    <primary sortas="e-/var/log/lastlog">/var/log/lastlog</primary>
  </indexterm>

  <indexterm zone="ch-system-createfiles">
    <primary sortas="e-/var/log/wtmp">/var/log/wtmp</primary>
  </indexterm>

  <para>Some programs use hard-wired paths to programs which do not exist yet.
  In order to satisfy these programs, create a number of symbolic links which
  will be replaced by real files throughout the course of this chapter after the
  software has been installed:</para>

<screen revision="sysv"><userinput>ln -sv /tools/bin/{bash,cat,dd,echo,ln,pwd,rm,stty} /bin
ln -sv /tools/bin/{install,perl} /usr/bin
ln -sv /tools/lib/libgcc_s.so{,.1} /usr/lib
ln -sv /tools/lib/libstdc++.{a,so{,.6}} /usr/lib
sed 's/tools/usr/' /tools/lib/libstdc++.la > /usr/lib/libstdc++.la
ln -sv bash /bin/sh</userinput></screen>

<screen revision="systemd"><userinput>ln -sv /tools/bin/{bash,cat,dd,echo,ln,pwd,rm,stty} /bin
ln -sv /tools/bin/{install,perl} /usr/bin
ln -sv /tools/lib/libgcc_s.so{,.1} /usr/lib
ln -sv /tools/lib/libstdc++.{a,so{,.6}} /usr/lib
sed 's/tools/usr/' /tools/lib/libstdc++.la > /usr/lib/libstdc++.la
for lib in blkid lzma mount uuid
do
    ln -sv /tools/lib/lib$lib.{a,so*} /usr/lib
    sed 's/tools/usr/' /tools/lib/lib${lib}.la > /usr/lib/lib${lib}.la
done
ln -sv bash /bin/sh</userinput></screen>

  <variablelist>
    <title>The purpose of each link:</title>

    <varlistentry>
      <term><parameter><filename>/bin/bash</filename></parameter></term>
      <listitem>
        <para>Many <command>bash</command> scripts specify
        <filename>/bin/bash</filename>.</para>
      </listitem>
    </varlistentry>

    <varlistentry>
      <term><parameter><filename>/bin/cat</filename></parameter></term>
      <listitem>
        <para>This pathname is hard-coded into Glibc's configure script.</para>
      </listitem>
    </varlistentry>

    <varlistentry>
      <term><parameter><filename>/bin/dd</filename></parameter></term>
      <listitem>
        <para>The path to <filename>dd</filename> will be hard-coded into the
        <filename>/usr/bin/libtool</filename> utility.</para>
      </listitem>
    </varlistentry>

    <varlistentry>
      <term><parameter><filename>/bin/echo</filename></parameter></term>
      <listitem>
        <para>This is to satisfy one of the tests in Glibc's test suite, which
        expects <filename>/bin/echo</filename>.</para>
      </listitem>
    </varlistentry>

    <varlistentry>
      <term><parameter><filename>/usr/bin/install</filename></parameter></term>
      <listitem>
        <para>The path to <filename>install</filename> will be hard-coded into
        the <filename>/usr/lib/bash/Makefile.inc</filename> file.</para>
      </listitem>
    </varlistentry>

    <varlistentry>
      <term><parameter><filename>/bin/ln</filename></parameter></term>
      <listitem>
        <para>The path to <filename>ln</filename> will be hard-coded into the
        <filename>/usr/lib/perl5/&perl-version;/&lt;target-triplet&gt;/Config_heavy.pl</filename>
         file.</para>
      </listitem>
    </varlistentry>

    <varlistentry>
      <term><parameter><filename>/bin/pwd</filename></parameter></term>
      <listitem>
        <para>Some <command>configure</command> scripts, particularly Glibc's,
        have this pathname hard-coded.</para>
      </listitem>
    </varlistentry>

    <varlistentry>
      <term><parameter><filename>/bin/rm</filename></parameter></term>
      <listitem>
        <para>The path to <filename>rm</filename> will be hard-coded into the
        <filename>/usr/lib/perl5/&perl-version;/&lt;target-triplet&gt;/Config_heavy.pl</filename>
         file.</para>
      </listitem>
    </varlistentry>

    <varlistentry>
      <term><parameter><filename>/bin/stty</filename></parameter></term>
      <listitem>
        <para>This pathname is hard-coded into Expect, therefore it is needed
        for Binutils and GCC test suites to pass.</para>
      </listitem>
    </varlistentry>

    <varlistentry>
      <term><parameter><filename>/usr/bin/perl</filename></parameter></term>
      <listitem>
        <para>Many Perl scripts hard-code this path to the
        <command>perl</command> program.</para>
      </listitem>
    </varlistentry>

    <varlistentry>
      <term><parameter><filename>/usr/lib/libgcc_s.so{,.1}</filename></parameter></term>
      <listitem>
        <para>Glibc needs this for the pthreads library to work.</para>
      </listitem>
    </varlistentry>

    <varlistentry>
      <term><parameter><filename>/usr/lib/libstdc++{,.6}</filename></parameter></term>
      <listitem>
        <para>This is needed by several tests in Glibc's test suite, as well as
        for C++ support in GMP.</para>
      </listitem>
    </varlistentry>

    <varlistentry>
      <term><parameter><filename>/usr/lib/libstdc++.la</filename></parameter></term>
      <listitem>
        <para>This prevents a <filename class="directory">/tools</filename>
        reference that would otherwise be in
        <filename>/usr/lib/libstdc++.la</filename> after GCC is installed.</para>
      </listitem>
    </varlistentry>

    <varlistentry revision="systemd">
      <term><parameter><filename>/usr/lib/lib{blkid,lzma,mount,uuid}.{a,la,so*}</filename></parameter></term>
      <listitem>
        <para>These links prevent systemd utilties from being poluted with an
        unnecessary reference to the
        <filename class="directory">/tools</filename> directory.</para>
      </listitem>
    </varlistentry>

    <varlistentry>
      <term><parameter><filename>/bin/sh</filename></parameter></term>
      <listitem>
        <para>Many shell scripts hard-code <filename>/bin/sh</filename>.</para>
      </listitem>
    </varlistentry>

  </variablelist>

  <para>Historically, Linux maintains a list of the mounted file systems in the
  file <filename>/etc/mtab</filename>. Modern kernels maintain this list
  internally and exposes it to the user via the <filename
  class="directory">/proc</filename> filesystem. To satisfy utilities that
  expect the presence of <filename>/etc/mtab</filename>, create the following
  symbolic link:</para>

<screen><userinput>ln -sv /proc/self/mounts /etc/mtab</userinput></screen>

  <para>In order for user <systemitem class="username">root</systemitem> to be
  able to login and for the name <quote>root</quote> to be recognized, there
  must be relevant entries in the <filename>/etc/passwd</filename> and
  <filename>/etc/group</filename> files.</para>

  <para>Create the <filename>/etc/passwd</filename> file by running the following
  command:</para>

<screen revision="sysv"><userinput>cat &gt; /etc/passwd &lt;&lt; "EOF"
<literal>root:x:0:0:root:/root:/bin/bash
bin:x:1:1:bin:/dev/null:/bin/false
daemon:x:6:6:Daemon User:/dev/null:/bin/false
messagebus:x:18:18:D-Bus Message Daemon User:/var/run/dbus:/bin/false
nobody:x:99:99:Unprivileged User:/dev/null:/bin/false</literal>
EOF</userinput></screen>

<screen revision="systemd"><userinput>cat &gt; /etc/passwd &lt;&lt; "EOF"
<literal>root:x:0:0:root:/root:/bin/bash
bin:x:1:1:bin:/dev/null:/bin/false
daemon:x:6:6:Daemon User:/dev/null:/bin/false
messagebus:x:18:18:D-Bus Message Daemon User:/var/run/dbus:/bin/false
systemd-bus-proxy:x:72:72:systemd Bus Proxy:/:/bin/false
systemd-journal-gateway:x:73:73:systemd Journal Gateway:/:/bin/false
systemd-journal-remote:x:74:74:systemd Journal Remote:/:/bin/false
systemd-journal-upload:x:75:75:systemd Journal Upload:/:/bin/false
systemd-network:x:76:76:systemd Network Management:/:/bin/false
systemd-resolve:x:77:77:systemd Resolver:/:/bin/false
systemd-timesync:x:78:78:systemd Time Synchronization:/:/bin/false
systemd-coredump:x:79:79:systemd Core Dumper:/:/bin/false
nobody:x:99:99:Unprivileged User:/dev/null:/bin/false</literal>
EOF</userinput></screen>

  <para>The actual password for <systemitem class="username">root</systemitem>
  (the <quote>x</quote> used here is just a placeholder) will be set later.</para>

  <para>Create the <filename>/etc/group</filename> file by running the following
  command:</para>

<screen revision="sysv"><userinput>cat &gt; /etc/group &lt;&lt; "EOF"
<literal>root:x:0:
bin:x:1:daemon
sys:x:2:
kmem:x:3:
tape:x:4:
tty:x:5:
daemon:x:6:
floppy:x:7:
disk:x:8:
lp:x:9:
dialout:x:10:
audio:x:11:
video:x:12:
utmp:x:13:
usb:x:14:
cdrom:x:15:
adm:x:16:
messagebus:x:18:
systemd-journal:x:23:
input:x:24:
mail:x:34:
nogroup:x:99:
users:x:999:</literal>
EOF</userinput></screen>

<screen revision="systemd"><userinput>cat &gt; /etc/group &lt;&lt; "EOF"
<literal>root:x:0:
bin:x:1:daemon
sys:x:2:
kmem:x:3:
tape:x:4:
tty:x:5:
daemon:x:6:
floppy:x:7:
disk:x:8:
lp:x:9:
dialout:x:10:
audio:x:11:
video:x:12:
utmp:x:13:
usb:x:14:
cdrom:x:15:
adm:x:16:
messagebus:x:18:
systemd-journal:x:23:
input:x:24:
mail:x:34:
systemd-bus-proxy:x:72:
systemd-journal-gateway:x:73:
systemd-journal-remote:x:74:
systemd-journal-upload:x:75:
systemd-network:x:76:
systemd-resolve:x:77:
systemd-timesync:x:78:
systemd-coredump:x:79:
nogroup:x:99:
users:x:999:</literal>
EOF</userinput></screen>

  <para>The created groups are not part of any standard&mdash;they are groups
  decided on in part by the requirements of the Udev configuration in this
  chapter, and in part by common convention employed by a number of existing
  Linux distributions. In addition, some test suites rely on specific users
  or groups.  The Linux Standard Base (LSB, available at <ulink
  url="http://www.linuxbase.org"/>) recommends only that, besides the group
  <systemitem class="groupname">root</systemitem> with a Group ID (GID) of 0,
  a group <systemitem class="groupname">bin</systemitem> with a GID of 1 be
  present. All other group names and GIDs can be chosen freely by the system
  administrator since well-written programs do not depend on GID numbers, but
  rather use the group's name.</para>

  <para>To remove the <quote>I have no name!</quote> prompt, start a new
  shell. Since a full Glibc was installed in <xref
  linkend="chapter-temporary-tools"/> and the
  <filename>/etc/passwd</filename> and <filename>/etc/group</filename>
  files have been created, user name and group name resolution will now
  work:</para>

<screen role="nodump"><userinput>exec /tools/bin/bash --login +h</userinput></screen>

  <para>Note the use of the <parameter>+h</parameter> directive. This tells
  <command>bash</command> not to use its internal path hashing. Without this
  directive, <command>bash</command> would remember the paths to binaries it has
  executed. To ensure the use of the newly compiled binaries as soon as they are
  installed, the <parameter>+h</parameter> directive will be used for the duration
  of this chapter.</para>

  <para>The <command>login</command>, <command>agetty</command>, and
  <command>init</command> programs (and others) use a number of log
  files to record information such as who was logged into the system and
  when. However, these programs will not write to the log files if they
  do not already exist. Initialize the log files and give them
  proper permissions:</para>

<screen><userinput>touch /var/log/{btmp,lastlog,faillog,wtmp}
chgrp -v utmp /var/log/lastlog
chmod -v 664  /var/log/lastlog
chmod -v 600  /var/log/btmp</userinput></screen>

  <para>The <filename>/var/log/wtmp</filename> file records all logins and
  logouts. The <filename>/var/log/lastlog</filename> file records when each
  user last logged in. The <filename>/var/log/faillog</filename> file records
  failed login attempts.  The <filename>/var/log/btmp</filename> file records
  the bad login attempts.</para>

  <note><para>The <filename>/run/utmp</filename> file records the users that
  are currently logged in.  This file is created dynamically in the boot
  scripts.</para></note>

</sect1>