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<?xml version="1.0" encoding="ISO-8859-1"?>
<!DOCTYPE sect1 PUBLIC "-//OASIS//DTD DocBook XML V4.5//EN"
"http://www.oasis-open.org/docbook/xml/4.5/docbookx.dtd" [
<!ENTITY % general-entities SYSTEM "../general.ent">
%general-entities;
]>
<sect1 id="ch-tools-creatingdirs">
<?dbhtml filename="creatingdirs.html"?>
<title>Creating Directories</title>
<para>It is time to create the full directory structure in the LFS file system.</para>
<note><para>Some of the directories mentioned in this section may have
already been created earlier with explicit instructions, or when installing some
packages. They are repeated below for completeness.</para></note>
<para>Create some root-level directories that are not in the limited set
required in the previous chapters by issuing the following command:</para>
<screen><userinput>mkdir -pv /{boot,home,mnt,opt,srv}</userinput></screen>
<para>Create the required set of subdirectories below the root-level by
issuing the following commands:</para>
<screen><userinput>mkdir -pv /etc/{opt,sysconfig}
mkdir -pv /lib/firmware
mkdir -pv /media/{floppy,cdrom}
mkdir -pv /usr/{,local/}{include,src}
mkdir -pv /usr/local/{bin,lib,sbin}
mkdir -pv /usr/{,local/}share/{color,dict,doc,info,locale,man}
mkdir -pv /usr/{,local/}share/{misc,terminfo,zoneinfo}
mkdir -pv /usr/{,local/}share/man/man{1..8}
mkdir -pv /var/{cache,local,log,mail,opt,spool}
mkdir -pv /var/lib/{color,misc,locate}
ln -sfv /run /var/run
ln -sfv /run/lock /var/lock
install -dv -m 0750 /root
install -dv -m 1777 /tmp /var/tmp</userinput></screen>
<para>Directories are, by default, created with permission mode 755, but
this is not desirable everywhere. In the commands above, two
changes are made—one to the home directory of user <systemitem
class="username">root</systemitem>, and another to the directories for
temporary files.</para>
<para>The first mode change ensures that not just anybody can enter
the <filename class="directory">/root</filename> directory—just
like a normal user would do with his or her own home directory. The
second mode change makes sure that any user can write to the
<filename class="directory">/tmp</filename> and <filename
class="directory">/var/tmp</filename> directories, but cannot remove
another user's files from them. The latter is prohibited by the so-called
<quote>sticky bit,</quote> the highest bit (1) in the 1777 bit mask.</para>
<sect2>
<title>FHS Compliance Note</title>
<para>This directory tree is based on the Filesystem Hierarchy Standard
(FHS) (available at <ulink
url="https://refspecs.linuxfoundation.org/fhs.shtml"/>). The FHS also specifies
the optional existence of additional directories such as <filename
class="directory">/usr/local/games</filename> and <filename
class="directory">/usr/share/games</filename>. In LFS, we create only the
directories that are really necessary. However, feel free to create more
directories, if you wish. </para>
<warning>
<para>
The FHS does not mandate the existence of the directory
<filename class="directory">/usr/lib64</filename>, and the LFS editors
have decided not to use it. For the instructions in LFS and BLFS to work correctly,
it is imperative that this directory be non-existent. From time to time you should
verify that it does not exist, because it is easy to create it
inadvertently, and this will probably break your system.
</para>
</warning>
</sect2>
</sect1>
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