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<sect1 id="ch-tools-toolchaintechnotes" xreflabel="Toolchain Technical Notes">
  <?dbhtml filename="toolchaintechnotes.html"?>

  <title>Toolchain Technical Notes</title>

  <para>This section explains some of the rationale and technical details
  behind the overall build method. It is not essential to immediately
  understand everything in this section. Most of this information will be
  clearer after performing an actual build. This section can be referred
  to at any time during the process.</para>

  <para>The overall goal of <xref linkend="chapter-cross-tools"/> and <xref
  linkend="chapter-temporary-tools"/> is to produce a temporary area that
  contains a known-good set of tools that can be isolated from the host system.
  By using <command>chroot</command>, the commands in the remaining chapters
  will be contained within that environment, ensuring a clean, trouble-free
  build of the target LFS system. The build process has been designed to
  minimize the risks for new readers and to provide the most educational value
  at the same time.</para>

  <para>The build process is based on the process of
  <emphasis>cross-compilation</emphasis>. Cross-compilation is normally used
  for building a compiler and its toolchain for a machine different from
  the one that is used for the build. This is not strictly needed for LFS,
  since the machine where the new system will run is the same as the one
  used for the build. But cross-compilation has the great advantage that
  anything that is cross-compiled cannot depend on the host environment.</para>

  <sect2 id="cross-compile" xreflabel="About Cross-Compilation">

    <title>About Cross-Compilation</title>

    <para>Cross-compilation involves some concepts that deserve a section on
    their own. Although this section may be omitted in a first reading, it
    is strongly suggested to come back to it later in order to get a full
    grasp of the build process.</para>

    <para>Let us first define some terms used in this context:</para>

    <variablelist>
      <varlistentry><term>build</term><listitem>
        <para>is the machine where we build programs. Note that this machine
        is referred to as the <quote>host</quote> in other
        sections.</para></listitem>
      </varlistentry>

      <varlistentry><term>host</term><listitem>
        <para>is the machine/system where the built programs will run. Note
        that this use of <quote>host</quote> is not the same as in other
        sections.</para></listitem>
      </varlistentry>

      <varlistentry><term>target</term><listitem>
        <para>is only used for compilers. It is the machine the compiler
        produces code for. It may be different from both build and
        host.</para></listitem>
      </varlistentry>

    </variablelist>

    <para>As an example, let us imagine the following scenario (sometimes
    referred to as <quote>Canadian Cross</quote>): we may have a
    compiler on a slow machine only, let's call the machine A, and the compiler
    ccA. We may have also a fast machine (B), but with no compiler, and we may
    want to produce code for another slow machine (C). To build a
    compiler for machine C, we would have three stages:</para>

    <informaltable align="center">
      <tgroup cols="5">
        <colspec colnum="1" align="center"/>
        <colspec colnum="2" align="center"/>
        <colspec colnum="3" align="center"/>
        <colspec colnum="4" align="center"/>
        <colspec colnum="5" align="left"/>
        <thead>
          <row><entry>Stage</entry><entry>Build</entry><entry>Host</entry>
               <entry>Target</entry><entry>Action</entry></row>
        </thead>
        <tbody>
          <row>
            <entry>1</entry><entry>A</entry><entry>A</entry><entry>B</entry>
            <entry>build cross-compiler cc1 using ccA on machine A</entry>
          </row>
          <row>
            <entry>2</entry><entry>A</entry><entry>B</entry><entry>C</entry>
            <entry>build cross-compiler cc2 using cc1 on machine A</entry>
          </row>
          <row>
            <entry>3</entry><entry>B</entry><entry>C</entry><entry>C</entry>
            <entry>build compiler ccC using cc2 on machine B</entry>
          </row>
        </tbody>
      </tgroup>
    </informaltable>

    <para>Then, all the other programs needed by machine C can be compiled
    using cc2 on the fast machine B. Note that unless B can run programs
    produced for C, there is no way to test the built programs until machine
    C itself is running. For example, for testing ccC, we may want to add a
    fourth stage:</para>

    <informaltable align="center">
      <tgroup cols="5">
        <colspec colnum="1" align="center"/>
        <colspec colnum="2" align="center"/>
        <colspec colnum="3" align="center"/>
        <colspec colnum="4" align="center"/>
        <colspec colnum="5" align="left"/>
        <thead>
          <row><entry>Stage</entry><entry>Build</entry><entry>Host</entry>
               <entry>Target</entry><entry>Action</entry></row>
        </thead>
        <tbody>
          <row>
            <entry>4</entry><entry>C</entry><entry>C</entry><entry>C</entry>
            <entry>rebuild  and test ccC using itself on machine C</entry>
          </row>
        </tbody>
      </tgroup>
    </informaltable>

    <para>In the example above, only cc1 and cc2 are cross-compilers, that is,
    they produce code for a machine different from the one they are run on.
    The other compilers ccA and ccC produce code for the machine they are run
    on. Such compilers are called <emphasis>native</emphasis> compilers.</para>

  </sect2>

  <sect2 id="lfs-cross">
    <title>Implementation of Cross-Compilation for LFS</title>

    <note>
      <para>Almost all the build systems use names of the form
      cpu-vendor-kernel-os referred to as the machine triplet. An astute
      reader may wonder why a <quote>triplet</quote> refers to a four component
      name. The reason is history: initially, three component names were enough
      to designate unambiguously a machine, but with new machines and systems
      appearing, that proved insufficient. The word <quote>triplet</quote>
      remained. A simple way to determine your machine triplet is to run
      the <command>config.guess</command>
      script that comes with the source for many packages. Unpack the binutils
      sources and run the script: <userinput>./config.guess</userinput> and note
      the output. For example, for a 32-bit Intel processor the
      output will be <emphasis>i686-pc-linux-gnu</emphasis>. On a 64-bit
      system it will be <emphasis>x86_64-pc-linux-gnu</emphasis>.</para>

      <para>Also be aware of the name of the platform's dynamic linker, often
      referred to as the dynamic loader (not to be confused with the standard
      linker <command>ld</command> that is part of binutils). The dynamic linker
      provided by Glibc finds and loads the shared libraries needed by a
      program, prepares the program to run, and then runs it. The name of the
      dynamic linker for a 32-bit Intel machine will be <filename
      class="libraryfile">ld-linux.so.2</filename> (<filename
      class="libraryfile">ld-linux-x86-64.so.2</filename> for 64-bit systems). A
      sure-fire way to determine the name of the dynamic linker is to inspect a
      random binary from the host system by running: <userinput>readelf -l
      &lt;name of binary&gt; | grep interpreter</userinput> and noting the
      output. The authoritative reference covering all platforms is in the
      <filename>shlib-versions</filename> file in the root of the Glibc source
      tree.</para>
    </note>

    <para>In order to fake a cross compilation, the name of the host triplet
    is slightly adjusted by changing the &quot;vendor&quot; field in the
    <envar>LFS_TGT</envar> variable. We also use the
    <parameter>--with-sysroot</parameter> option when building the cross linker and
    cross compiler to tell them where to find the needed host files. This
    ensures that none of the other programs built in <xref
    linkend="chapter-temporary-tools"/> can link to libraries on the build
    machine. Only two stages are mandatory, and one more for tests:</para>

    <informaltable align="center">
      <tgroup cols="5">
        <colspec colnum="1" align="center"/>
        <colspec colnum="2" align="center"/>
        <colspec colnum="3" align="center"/>
        <colspec colnum="4" align="center"/>
        <colspec colnum="5" align="left"/>
        <thead>
          <row><entry>Stage</entry><entry>Build</entry><entry>Host</entry>
               <entry>Target</entry><entry>Action</entry></row>
        </thead>
        <tbody>
          <row>
            <entry>1</entry><entry>pc</entry><entry>pc</entry><entry>lfs</entry>
            <entry>build cross-compiler cc1 using cc-pc on pc</entry>
          </row>
          <row>
            <entry>2</entry><entry>pc</entry><entry>lfs</entry><entry>lfs</entry>
            <entry>build compiler cc-lfs using cc1 on pc</entry>
          </row>
          <row>
            <entry>3</entry><entry>lfs</entry><entry>lfs</entry><entry>lfs</entry>
            <entry>rebuild and test cc-lfs using itself on lfs</entry>
          </row>
        </tbody>
      </tgroup>
    </informaltable>

    <para>In the above table, <quote>on pc</quote> means the commands are run
    on a machine using the already installed distribution. <quote>On
    lfs</quote> means the commands are run in a chrooted environment.</para>

    <para>Now, there is more about cross-compiling: the C language is not
    just a compiler, but also defines a standard library. In this book, the
    GNU C library, named glibc, is used. This library must
    be compiled for the lfs machine, that is, using the cross compiler cc1. 
    But the compiler itself uses an internal library implementing complex
    instructions not available in the assembler instruction set. This
    internal library is named libgcc, and must be linked to the glibc
    library to be fully functional! Furthermore, the standard library for
    C++ (libstdc++) also needs being linked to glibc. The solution to this
    chicken and egg problem is to first build a degraded cc1 based libgcc,
    lacking some functionalities such as threads and exception handling, then
    build glibc using this degraded compiler (glibc itself is not
    degraded), then build libstdc++. But this last library will lack the
    same functionalities as libgcc.</para>

    <para>This is not the end of the story: the conclusion of the preceding
    paragraph is that cc1 is unable to build a fully functional libstdc++, but
    this is the only compiler available for building the C/C++ libraries
    during stage 2! Of course, the compiler built during stage 2, cc-lfs,
    would be able to build those libraries, but (1) the build system of
    GCC does not know that it is usable on pc, and (2) using it on pc
    would be at risk of linking to the pc libraries, since cc-lfs is a native
    compiler. So we have to build libstdc++ later, in chroot.</para>

  </sect2>

  <sect2 id="other-details">

    <title>Other procedural details</title>

    <para>The cross-compiler will be installed in a separate <filename
    class="directory">$LFS/tools</filename> directory, since it will not
    be part of the final system.</para>

    <para>Binutils is installed first because the <command>configure</command>
    runs of both GCC and Glibc perform various feature tests on the assembler
    and linker to determine which software features to enable or disable. This
    is more important than one might first realize. An incorrectly configured
    GCC or Glibc can result in a subtly broken toolchain, where the impact of
    such breakage might not show up until near the end of the build of an
    entire distribution. A test suite failure will usually highlight this error
    before too much additional work is performed.</para>

    <para>Binutils installs its assembler and linker in two locations,
    <filename class="directory">$LFS/tools/bin</filename> and <filename
    class="directory">$LFS/tools/$LFS_TGT/bin</filename>. The tools in one
    location are hard linked to the other. An important facet of the linker is
    its library search order. Detailed information can be obtained from
    <command>ld</command> by passing it the <parameter>--verbose</parameter>
    flag. For example, <command>$LFS_TGT-ld --verbose | grep SEARCH</command>
    will illustrate the current search paths and their order. It shows which
    files are linked by <command>ld</command> by compiling a dummy program and
    passing the <parameter>--verbose</parameter> switch to the linker. For
    example,
    <command>$LFS_TGT-gcc dummy.c -Wl,--verbose 2&gt;&amp;1 | grep succeeded</command>
    will show all the files successfully opened during the linking.</para>

    <para>The next package installed is GCC. An example of what can be
    seen during its run of <command>configure</command> is:</para>

<screen><computeroutput>checking what assembler to use... /mnt/lfs/tools/i686-lfs-linux-gnu/bin/as
checking what linker to use... /mnt/lfs/tools/i686-lfs-linux-gnu/bin/ld</computeroutput></screen>

    <para>This is important for the reasons mentioned above. It also
    demonstrates that GCC's configure script does not search the PATH
    directories to find which tools to use. However, during the actual
    operation of <command>gcc</command> itself, the same search paths are not
    necessarily used. To find out which standard linker <command>gcc</command>
    will use, run: <command>$LFS_TGT-gcc -print-prog-name=ld</command>.</para>

    <para>Detailed information can be obtained from <command>gcc</command> by
    passing it the <parameter>-v</parameter> command line option while compiling
    a dummy program. For example, <command>gcc -v dummy.c</command> will show
    detailed information about the preprocessor, compilation, and assembly
    stages, including <command>gcc</command>'s included search paths and their
    order.</para>

    <para>Next installed are sanitized Linux API headers. These allow the
    standard C library (Glibc) to interface with features that the Linux
    kernel will provide.</para>

    <para>The next package installed is Glibc. The most important
    considerations for building Glibc are the compiler, binary tools, and
    kernel headers. The compiler is generally not an issue since Glibc will
    always use the compiler relating to the <parameter>--host</parameter>
    parameter passed to its configure script; e.g. in our case, the compiler
    will be <command>$LFS_TGT-gcc</command>. The binary tools and kernel
    headers can be a bit more complicated. Therefore, take no risks and use
    the available configure switches to enforce the correct selections. After
    the run of <command>configure</command>, check the contents of the
    <filename>config.make</filename> file in the <filename
    class="directory">build</filename> directory for all important details.
    Note the use of <parameter>CC="$LFS_TGT-gcc"</parameter> (with
    <envar>$LFS_TGT</envar> expanded) to control which binary tools are used
    and the use of the <parameter>-nostdinc</parameter> and
    <parameter>-isystem</parameter> flags to control the compiler's include
    search path. These items highlight an important aspect of the Glibc
    package&mdash;it is very self-sufficient in terms of its build machinery
    and generally does not rely on toolchain defaults.</para>

    <para>As said above, the standard C++ library is compiled next, followed in
    <xref linkend="chapter-temporary-tools"/> by all the programs that need
    themselves to be built. The install step of all those packages uses the
    <envar>DESTDIR</envar> variable to have the
    programs land into the LFS filesystem.</para>

    <para>At the end of <xref linkend="chapter-temporary-tools"/> the native
    lfs compiler is installed. First binutils-pass2 is built,
    with the same <envar>DESTDIR</envar> install as the other programs,
    then the second pass of GCC is constructed, omitting libstdc++
    and other non-important libraries.  Due to some weird logic in GCC's
    configure script, <envar>CC_FOR_TARGET</envar> ends up as
    <command>cc</command> when the host is the same as the target, but is
    different from the build system. This is why
    <parameter>CC_FOR_TARGET=$LFS_TGT-gcc</parameter> is put explicitly into
    the configure options.</para>

    <para>Upon entering the chroot environment in <xref
    linkend="chapter-chroot-temporary-tools"/>, the first task is to install
    libstdc++. Then temporary installations of programs needed for the proper
    operation of the toolchain are performed. Programs needed for testing
    other programs are also built. From this point onwards, the
    core toolchain is self-contained and self-hosted.  In 
    <xref linkend="chapter-building-system"/>, final versions of all the
    packages needed for a fully functional system are built, tested and
    installed.</para>

  </sect2>

</sect1>