Initial commit of alternative cross LFS

git-svn-id: http://svn.linuxfromscratch.org/LFS/branches/cross2@11897 4aa44e1e-78dd-0310-a6d2-fbcd4c07a689

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+<?xml version="1.0" encoding="ISO-8859-1"?>
+<!DOCTYPE sect1 PUBLIC "-//OASIS//DTD DocBook XML V4.5//EN"
+  "http://www.oasis-open.org/docbook/xml/4.5/docbookx.dtd" [
+  <!ENTITY % general-entities SYSTEM "../general.ent">
+  %general-entities;
+]>
+
+<sect1 id="ch-config-network" revision="systemd">
+  <?dbhtml filename="network.html"?>
+
+  <title>General Network Configuration</title>
+
+  <indexterm zone="ch-config-network">
+    <primary sortas="d-network">network</primary>
+  <secondary>configuring</secondary></indexterm>
+
+  <para>This section only applies if a network card is to be
+  configured.</para>
+
+  <sect2>
+    <title>Network Interface Configuration Files</title>
+
+    <para>Starting with version 209, systemd ships a network configuration
+    daemon called <command>systemd-networkd</command> which can be used for
+    basic network configuration. Additionally, since version 213, DNS name
+    resolution can be handled by <command>systemd-resolved</command> in place
+    of a static <filename>/etc/resolv.conf</filename> file. Both services are
+    enabled by default.</para>
+
+    <para>Configuration files for <command>systemd-networkd</command> (and
+    <command>systemd-resolved</command>) can be placed in
+    <filename class="directory">/usr/lib/systemd/network</filename>
+    or <filename class="directory">/etc/systemd/network</filename>. Files in
+    <filename class="directory">/etc/systemd/network</filename> have a
+    higher priority than the ones in
+    <filename class="directory">/usr/lib/systemd/network</filename>.
+    There are three types of configuration files:
+    <filename class="extension">.link</filename>,
+    <filename class="extension">.netdev</filename> and
+    <filename class="extension">.network</filename> files. For detailed
+    descriptions and example contents of these configuration files, consult 
+    the <filename>systemd-link(5)</filename>,
+    <filename>systemd-netdev(5)</filename> and
+    <filename>systemd-network(5)</filename> manual pages.</para>
+
+    <sect3 id="systemd-network-devices">
+      <title>Network Device Naming</title>
+
+      <para>
+        Udev normally assigns network card interface names based
+        on system physical characteristics such as enp2s1. If you are
+        not sure what your interface name is, you can always run
+        <command>ip link</command> after you have booted your system.
+      </para>
+
+      <para>
+        For most systems, there is only one network interface for
+        each type of connection.  For example, the classic interface
+        name for a wired connection is eth0.  A wireless connection
+        will usually have the name wifi0 or wlan0. 
+      </para>
+
+      <para>
+        If you prefer to use the classic or customized network interface names,
+        there are three alternative ways to do that:</para>
+
+      <itemizedlist>
+        <listitem>
+          <para>
+            Mask udev's .link file for the default policy:
+<screen role="nodump"><userinput>ln -s /dev/null /etc/systemd/network/99-default.link</userinput></screen>
+          </para>
+        </listitem>
+
+        <listitem>
+          <para>
+             Create a manual naming scheme, for example by naming the
+             interfaces something like "internet0", "dmz0", or "lan0". 
+             For that, create .link
+             files in /etc/systemd/network/, that choose an explicit name or a
+             better naming scheme for one, some, or all of your interfaces. 
+             For example:
+          </para>
+
+<screen role="nodump"><userinput>cat &gt; /etc/systemd/network/10-ether0.link &lt;&lt; "EOF"
+<literal>[Match]
+# Change the MAC address as appropriate for your network device
+MACAddress=12:34:45:78:90:AB
+
+[Link]
+Name=ether0</literal>
+EOF</userinput></screen>
+
+          <para>
+             See the man page systemd.link(5) for more information. 
+          </para>
+        </listitem>
+
+        <listitem>
+          <para>
+            In /boot/grub/grub.cfg, pass the option net.ifnames=0 on the 
+            kernel command line.
+          </para>
+        </listitem>
+      </itemizedlist>
+    </sect3>
+
+    <sect3 id="systemd-networkd-static">
+      <title>Static IP Configuration</title>
+
+      <para>The command below creates a basic configuration file for a
+      Static IP setup (using both systemd-networkd and
+      systemd-resolved):</para>
+<!-- jhalfs relies on the values for Name, Address, etc. If you want to change
+     them, please inform the jhalfs maintainer(s). -->
+<screen><userinput>cat &gt; /etc/systemd/network/10-eth-static.network &lt;&lt; "EOF"
+<literal>[Match]
+Name=<replaceable>&lt;network-device-name&gt;</replaceable>
+
+[Network]
+Address=192.168.0.2/24
+Gateway=192.168.0.1
+DNS=192.168.0.1
+Domains=<replaceable>&lt;Your Domain Name&gt;</replaceable></literal>
+EOF</userinput></screen>
+
+      <para>Multiple DNS entries can be added if you have more than one DNS
+      server. Do not include DNS or Domains entries if you intend to use a
+      static <filename>/etc/resolv.conf</filename> file.</para>
+
+    </sect3>
+
+    <sect3 id="systemd-networkd-dhcp">
+      <title>DHCP Configuration</title>
+
+      <para>The command below creates a basic configuration file for an IPv4
+      DHCP setup:</para>
+
+<screen role="nodump"><userinput>cat &gt; /etc/systemd/network/10-eth-dhcp.network &lt;&lt; "EOF"
+<literal>[Match]
+Name=&lt;network-device-name&gt;
+
+[Network]
+DHCP=ipv4
+
+[DHCP]
+UseDomains=true</literal>
+EOF</userinput></screen>
+
+    </sect3>
+
+  </sect2>
+
+  <sect2 id="resolv.conf">
+    <title>Creating the /etc/resolv.conf File</title>
+
+    <indexterm zone="resolv.conf">
+      <primary sortas="e-/etc/resolv.conf">/etc/resolv.conf</primary>
+    </indexterm>
+
+    <para>If the system is going to be connected to the Internet, it will
+    need some means of Domain Name Service (DNS) name resolution to
+    resolve Internet domain names to IP addresses, and vice versa. This is
+    best achieved by placing the IP address of the DNS server, available
+    from the ISP or network administrator, into
+    <filename>/etc/resolv.conf</filename>.</para>
+
+    <sect3 id="resolv-conf-systemd-resolved">
+      <title>systemd-resolved Configuration</title>
+
+      <note><para>If using another means to configure your network
+      interfaces (ex: ppp, network-manager, etc.), or if using any type of
+      local resolver (ex: bind, dnsmasq, etc.), or any other software that
+      generates an <filename>/etc/resolv.conf</filename> (ex: resolvconf), the
+      <command>systemd-resolved</command> service should not be
+      used.</para></note>
+
+      <para>When using <command>systemd-resolved</command> for DNS
+      configuration, it creates the file
+      <filename>/run/systemd/resolve/resolv.conf</filename>. Create a
+      symlink in <filename>/etc</filename> to use the generated file:</para>
+
+<screen><userinput>ln -sfv /run/systemd/resolve/resolv.conf /etc/resolv.conf</userinput></screen>
+
+    </sect3>
+
+    <sect3 id="resolv-conf-static">
+      <title>Static resolv.conf Configuration</title>
+
+      <para>If a static <filename>/etc/resolv.conf</filename> is desired,
+      create it by running the following command:</para>
+
+<screen role="nodump"><userinput>cat &gt; /etc/resolv.conf &lt;&lt; "EOF"
+<literal># Begin /etc/resolv.conf
+
+domain <replaceable>&lt;Your Domain Name&gt;</replaceable>
+nameserver <replaceable>&lt;IP address of your primary nameserver&gt;</replaceable>
+nameserver <replaceable>&lt;IP address of your secondary nameserver&gt;</replaceable>
+
+# End /etc/resolv.conf</literal>
+EOF</userinput></screen>
+
+      <para>The <varname>domain</varname> statement can be omitted
+      or replaced with a <varname>search</varname> statement.  See the man page
+      for resolv.conf for more details.</para>
+
+      <para>Replace
+      <replaceable>&lt;IP address of the nameserver&gt;</replaceable>
+      with the IP address of the DNS most appropriate for the setup. There will
+      often be more than one entry (requirements demand secondary servers for
+      fallback capability). If you only need or want one DNS server, remove the
+      second <emphasis>nameserver</emphasis> line from the file. The IP address
+      may also be a router on the local network.</para>
+
+      <note><para>The Google Public IPv4 DNS addresses are
+      <parameter>8.8.8.8</parameter> and <parameter>8.8.4.4</parameter>
+      for IPv4, and <parameter>2001:4860:4860::8888</parameter> and
+      <parameter>2001:4860:4860::8844</parameter> for IPv6.</para></note>
+
+    </sect3>
+
+  </sect2>
+
+  <sect2 id="ch-config-hostname">
+    <title>Configuring the system hostname</title>
+
+    <indexterm zone="ch-config-hostname">
+      <primary sortas="d-hostname">hostname</primary>
+      <secondary>configuring</secondary>
+    </indexterm>
+
+     <para>During the boot process, the file <filename>/etc/hostname</filename>
+     is used for establishing the system's hostname.</para>
+
+     <para>Create the <filename>/etc/hostname</filename> file and enter a
+     hostname by running:</para>
+
+<screen><userinput>echo "<replaceable>&lt;lfs&gt;</replaceable>" &gt; /etc/hostname</userinput></screen>
+
+     <para><replaceable>&lt;lfs&gt;</replaceable> needs to be replaced with the
+     name given to the computer. Do not enter the Fully Qualified Domain Name
+     (FQDN) here. That information is put in the
+     <filename>/etc/hosts</filename> file.</para>
+
+  </sect2>
+
+  <sect2 id="ch-config-hosts">
+     <title>Customizing the /etc/hosts File</title>
+
+     <indexterm zone="ch-config-hosts">
+       <primary sortas="e-/etc/hosts">/etc/hosts</primary>
+     </indexterm>
+   
+     <indexterm zone="ch-config-hosts">
+       <primary sortas="d-localnet">localnet</primary>
+       <secondary>/etc/hosts</secondary>
+     </indexterm>
+   
+     <indexterm zone="ch-config-hosts">
+       <primary sortas="d-network">network</primary>
+       <secondary>/etc/hosts</secondary>
+     </indexterm>
+
+     <para>Decide on a fully-qualified domain name (FQDN), and possible aliases
+     for use in the <filename>/etc/hosts</filename> file. If using static
+     addresses, you'll also need to decide on an IP address. The syntax
+     for a hosts file entry is:</para>
+
+<screen><literal>IP_address myhost.example.org aliases</literal></screen>
+
+     <para>Unless the computer is to be visible to the Internet (i.e., there is
+     a registered domain and a valid block of assigned IP addresses&mdash;most
+     users do not have this), make sure that the IP address is in the private
+     network IP address range. Valid ranges are:</para>
+
+<screen><literal>Private Network Address Range      Normal Prefix
+10.0.0.1 - 10.255.255.254           8
+172.x.0.1 - 172.x.255.254           16
+192.168.y.1 - 192.168.y.254         24</literal></screen>
+
+     <para>x can be any number in the range 16-31. y can be any number in the
+     range 0-255.</para>
+
+     <para>A valid private IP address could be 192.168.1.1. A valid FQDN for
+     this IP could be lfs.example.org.</para>
+
+     <para>Even if not using a network card, a valid FQDN is still required.
+     This is necessary for certain programs to operate correctly.</para>
+
+     <para>If using DHCP, DHCPv6, IPv6 Autoconfiguration, or if a network card
+     is not going to be configured, create the <filename>/etc/hosts</filename>
+     file by running the following command:</para>
+
+<screen role="nodump"><userinput>cat &gt; /etc/hosts &lt;&lt; "EOF"
+<literal># Begin /etc/hosts
+
+127.0.0.1 localhost.localdomain localhost
+127.0.1.1 <replaceable>&lt;FQDN&gt;</replaceable> <replaceable>&lt;HOSTNAME&gt;</replaceable>
+::1       localhost ip6-localhost ip6-loopback
+ff02::1   ip6-allnodes
+ff02::2   ip6-allrouters
+
+# End /etc/hosts</literal>
+EOF</userinput></screen>
+
+     <para>The ::1 entry is the IPv6 counterpart of 127.0.0.1 and represents
+     the IPv6 loopback interface. 127.0.1.1 is a loopback entry reserved
+     specifically for the FQDN.</para>
+
+     <para>If using a static address, create the <filename>/etc/hosts</filename>
+     file by running this command instead:</para>
+
+<screen><userinput>cat &gt; /etc/hosts &lt;&lt; "EOF"
+<literal># Begin /etc/hosts
+
+127.0.0.1 localhost
+127.0.1.1 <replaceable>&lt;FQDN&gt;</replaceable> <replaceable>&lt;HOSTNAME&gt;</replaceable>
+<replaceable>&lt;192.168.0.2&gt;</replaceable> <replaceable>&lt;FQDN&gt;</replaceable> <replaceable>&lt;HOSTNAME&gt;</replaceable> <replaceable>[alias1] [alias2] ...</replaceable>
+::1       localhost ip6-localhost ip6-loopback
+ff02::1   ip6-allnodes
+ff02::2   ip6-allrouters
+
+# End /etc/hosts</literal>
+EOF</userinput></screen>
+
+     <para>The <replaceable>&lt;192.168.0.2&gt;</replaceable>,
+     <replaceable>&lt;FQDN&gt;</replaceable>, and
+     <replaceable>&lt;HOSTNAME&gt;</replaceable> values need to be
+     changed for specific uses or requirements (if assigned an IP address by a
+     network/system administrator and the machine will be connected to an
+     existing network). The optional alias name(s) can be omitted.</para>
+   
+   </sect2>
+
+</sect1>