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diff --git a/chapter06/createfiles.xml b/chapter06/createfiles.xml deleted file mode 100644 index ac2805597..000000000 --- a/chapter06/createfiles.xml +++ /dev/null @@ -1,365 +0,0 @@ -<?xml version="1.0" encoding="ISO-8859-1"?> -<!DOCTYPE sect1 PUBLIC "-//OASIS//DTD DocBook XML V4.5//EN" - "http://www.oasis-open.org/docbook/xml/4.5/docbookx.dtd" [ - <!ENTITY % general-entities SYSTEM "../general.ent"> - %general-entities; -]> - -<sect1 id="ch-system-createfiles"> - <?dbhtml filename="createfiles.html"?> - - <title>Creating Essential Files and Symlinks</title> - - <indexterm zone="ch-system-createfiles"> - <primary sortas="e-/etc/passwd">/etc/passwd</primary> - </indexterm> - - <indexterm zone="ch-system-createfiles"> - <primary sortas="e-/etc/group">/etc/group</primary> - </indexterm> - - <indexterm zone="ch-system-createfiles"> - <primary sortas="e-/var/run/utmp">/var/run/utmp</primary> - </indexterm> - - <indexterm zone="ch-system-createfiles"> - <primary sortas="e-/var/log/btmp">/var/log/btmp</primary> - </indexterm> - - <indexterm zone="ch-system-createfiles"> - <primary sortas="e-/var/log/lastlog">/var/log/lastlog</primary> - </indexterm> - - <indexterm zone="ch-system-createfiles"> - <primary sortas="e-/var/log/wtmp">/var/log/wtmp</primary> - </indexterm> - - <para>Some programs use hard-wired paths to programs which do not exist yet. - In order to satisfy these programs, create a number of symbolic links which - will be replaced by real files throughout the course of this chapter after the - software has been installed:</para> - -<screen><userinput>ln -sv /tools/bin/{bash,cat,chmod,dd,echo,ln,mkdir,pwd,rm,stty,touch} /bin -ln -sv /tools/bin/{env,install,perl,printf} /usr/bin -ln -sv /tools/lib/libgcc_s.so{,.1} /usr/lib -ln -sv /tools/lib/libstdc++.{a,so{,.6}} /usr/lib -ln -sv /tools/lib/libfl.so* /usr/lib - -ln -sv bash /bin/sh - -for lib in blkid mount uuid fdisk -do - ln -sv /tools/lib/lib$lib.so* /usr/lib - sed 's|/tools|/usr|' /tools/lib/pkgconfig/${lib}.pc \ - > /usr/lib/pkgconfig/${lib}.pc -done -for incdir in blkid libmount uuid libfdisk -do - ln -svf /tools/include/$incdir /usr/include -done</userinput></screen> - - <variablelist> - <title>The purpose of each link:</title> - - <varlistentry> - <term><parameter><filename>/bin/bash</filename></parameter></term> - <listitem> - <para>Many <command>bash</command> scripts specify - <filename>/bin/bash</filename>.</para> - </listitem> - </varlistentry> - - <varlistentry> - <term><parameter><filename>/bin/cat</filename></parameter></term> - <listitem> - <para>This pathname is hard-coded into Glibc's configure script.</para> - </listitem> - </varlistentry> - - <varlistentry> - <term><parameter><filename>/bin/dd</filename></parameter></term> - <listitem> - <para>The path to <filename>dd</filename> will be hard-coded into the - <filename>/usr/bin/libtool</filename> utility.</para> - </listitem> - </varlistentry> - - <varlistentry> - <term><parameter><filename>/bin/echo</filename></parameter></term> - <listitem> - <para>This is to satisfy one of the tests in Glibc's test suite, which - expects <filename>/bin/echo</filename>.</para> - </listitem> - </varlistentry> - - <varlistentry> - <term><parameter><filename>/usr/bin/env</filename></parameter></term> - <listitem> - <para>This pathname is hard-coded into some packages build procedures. - <!-- systemd This may not be needed if we move sysd to the end--></para> - </listitem> - </varlistentry> - - <varlistentry> - <term><parameter><filename>/usr/bin/install</filename></parameter></term> - <listitem> - <para>The path to <filename>install</filename> will be hard-coded into - the <filename>/usr/lib/bash/Makefile.inc</filename> file.</para> - </listitem> - </varlistentry> - - <varlistentry> - <term><parameter><filename>/bin/ln</filename></parameter></term> - <listitem> - <para>The path to <filename>ln</filename> will be hard-coded into the - <filename>/usr/lib/perl5/&perl-version;/<target-triplet>/Config_heavy.pl</filename> - file.</para> - </listitem> - </varlistentry> - - <varlistentry> - <term><parameter><filename>/bin/pwd</filename></parameter></term> - <listitem> - <para>Some <command>configure</command> scripts, particularly Glibc's, - have this pathname hard-coded.</para> - </listitem> - </varlistentry> - - <varlistentry> - <term><parameter><filename>/bin/rm</filename></parameter></term> - <listitem> - <para>The path to <filename>rm</filename> will be hard-coded into the - <filename>/usr/lib/perl5/&perl-version;/<target-triplet>/Config_heavy.pl</filename> - file.</para> - </listitem> - </varlistentry> - - <varlistentry> - <term><parameter><filename>/bin/stty</filename></parameter></term> - <listitem> - <para>This pathname is hard-coded into Expect, therefore it is needed - for Binutils and GCC test suites to pass.</para> - </listitem> - </varlistentry> - - <varlistentry> - <term><parameter><filename>/usr/bin/perl</filename></parameter></term> - <listitem> - <para>Many Perl scripts hard-code this path to the - <command>perl</command> program.</para> - </listitem> - </varlistentry> - - <varlistentry> - <term><parameter><filename>/usr/lib/libgcc_s.so{,.1}</filename></parameter></term> - <listitem> - <para>Glibc needs this for the pthreads library to work.</para> - </listitem> - </varlistentry> - - <varlistentry> - <term><parameter><filename>/usr/lib/libstdc++{,.6}</filename></parameter></term> - <listitem> - <para>This is needed by several tests in Glibc's test suite, as well as - for C++ support in GMP.</para> - </listitem> - </varlistentry> - - <varlistentry> - <term><parameter><filename>/bin/sh</filename></parameter></term> - <listitem> - <para>Many shell scripts hard-code <filename>/bin/sh</filename>.</para> - </listitem> - </varlistentry> - - <varlistentry> - <term> - <parameter><filename>/usr/lib/libfl.so*</filename></parameter> - </term> - <listitem> - <para>This link allows binutils to find the flex library, and to - build enhanced versions of ar and ranlib.</para> - </listitem> - </varlistentry> - - <varlistentry> - <term> - <parameter> - <filename>/usr/lib/lib{blkid,fdisk,mount,uuid}.so*</filename>, - <filename>/usr/include/{blkid,libfdisk,libmount,uuid}</filename>, - <filename>/usr/lib/pkgconfig/{blkid,fdisk,mount,uuid}.pc</filename> - </parameter> - </term> - <listitem> - <para>These links and files allow - <phrase revision="sysv">eudev</phrase> - <phrase revision="systemd">systemd</phrase> to find the - util-linux libraries installed in chapter 5, without creating - wrong references to /tools. The uuid library is also needed for - building a python module.</para> - </listitem> - </varlistentry> - - </variablelist> - - <para>Historically, Linux maintains a list of the mounted file systems in the - file <filename>/etc/mtab</filename>. Modern kernels maintain this list - internally and exposes it to the user via the <filename - class="directory">/proc</filename> filesystem. To satisfy utilities that - expect the presence of <filename>/etc/mtab</filename>, create the following - symbolic link:</para> - -<screen><userinput>ln -sv /proc/self/mounts /etc/mtab</userinput></screen> - - <para>In order for user <systemitem class="username">root</systemitem> to be - able to login and for the name <quote>root</quote> to be recognized, there - must be relevant entries in the <filename>/etc/passwd</filename> and - <filename>/etc/group</filename> files.</para> - - <para>Create the <filename>/etc/passwd</filename> file by running the following - command:</para> - -<screen revision="sysv"><userinput>cat > /etc/passwd << "EOF" -<literal>root:x:0:0:root:/root:/bin/bash -bin:x:1:1:bin:/dev/null:/bin/false -daemon:x:6:6:Daemon User:/dev/null:/bin/false -messagebus:x:18:18:D-Bus Message Daemon User:/var/run/dbus:/bin/false -nobody:x:99:99:Unprivileged User:/dev/null:/bin/false</literal> -EOF</userinput></screen> - -<screen revision="systemd"><userinput>cat > /etc/passwd << "EOF" -<literal>root:x:0:0:root:/root:/bin/bash -bin:x:1:1:bin:/dev/null:/bin/false -daemon:x:6:6:Daemon User:/dev/null:/bin/false -messagebus:x:18:18:D-Bus Message Daemon User:/var/run/dbus:/bin/false -systemd-bus-proxy:x:72:72:systemd Bus Proxy:/:/bin/false -systemd-journal-gateway:x:73:73:systemd Journal Gateway:/:/bin/false -systemd-journal-remote:x:74:74:systemd Journal Remote:/:/bin/false -systemd-journal-upload:x:75:75:systemd Journal Upload:/:/bin/false -systemd-network:x:76:76:systemd Network Management:/:/bin/false -systemd-resolve:x:77:77:systemd Resolver:/:/bin/false -systemd-timesync:x:78:78:systemd Time Synchronization:/:/bin/false -systemd-coredump:x:79:79:systemd Core Dumper:/:/bin/false -nobody:x:99:99:Unprivileged User:/dev/null:/bin/false</literal> -EOF</userinput></screen> - - <para>The actual password for <systemitem class="username">root</systemitem> - (the <quote>x</quote> used here is just a placeholder) will be set later.</para> - - <para>Create the <filename>/etc/group</filename> file by running the following - command:</para> - -<screen revision="sysv"><userinput>cat > /etc/group << "EOF" -<literal>root:x:0: -bin:x:1:daemon -sys:x:2: -kmem:x:3: -tape:x:4: -tty:x:5: -daemon:x:6: -floppy:x:7: -disk:x:8: -lp:x:9: -dialout:x:10: -audio:x:11: -video:x:12: -utmp:x:13: -usb:x:14: -cdrom:x:15: -adm:x:16: -messagebus:x:18: -input:x:24: -mail:x:34: -kvm:x:61: -wheel:x:97: -nogroup:x:99: -users:x:999:</literal> -EOF</userinput></screen> - -<screen revision="systemd"><userinput>cat > /etc/group << "EOF" -<literal>root:x:0: -bin:x:1:daemon -sys:x:2: -kmem:x:3: -tape:x:4: -tty:x:5: -daemon:x:6: -floppy:x:7: -disk:x:8: -lp:x:9: -dialout:x:10: -audio:x:11: -video:x:12: -utmp:x:13: -usb:x:14: -cdrom:x:15: -adm:x:16: -messagebus:x:18: -systemd-journal:x:23: -input:x:24: -mail:x:34: -kvm:x:61: -systemd-bus-proxy:x:72: -systemd-journal-gateway:x:73: -systemd-journal-remote:x:74: -systemd-journal-upload:x:75: -systemd-network:x:76: -systemd-resolve:x:77: -systemd-timesync:x:78: -systemd-coredump:x:79: -wheel:x:97: -nogroup:x:99: -users:x:999:</literal> -EOF</userinput></screen> - - <para>The created groups are not part of any standard—they are groups - decided on in part by the requirements of the Udev configuration in this - chapter, and in part by common convention employed by a number of existing - Linux distributions. In addition, some test suites rely on specific users - or groups. The Linux Standard Base (LSB, available at <ulink - url="http://www.linuxbase.org"/>) recommends only that, besides the group - <systemitem class="groupname">root</systemitem> with a Group ID (GID) of 0, - a group <systemitem class="groupname">bin</systemitem> with a GID of 1 be - present. All other group names and GIDs can be chosen freely by the system - administrator since well-written programs do not depend on GID numbers, but - rather use the group's name.</para> - - <para>To remove the <quote>I have no name!</quote> prompt, start a new - shell. Since a full Glibc was installed in <xref - linkend="chapter-temporary-tools"/> and the - <filename>/etc/passwd</filename> and <filename>/etc/group</filename> - files have been created, user name and group name resolution will now - work:</para> - -<screen role="nodump"><userinput>exec /tools/bin/bash --login +h</userinput></screen> - - <para>Note the use of the <parameter>+h</parameter> directive. This tells - <command>bash</command> not to use its internal path hashing. Without this - directive, <command>bash</command> would remember the paths to binaries it has - executed. To ensure the use of the newly compiled binaries as soon as they are - installed, the <parameter>+h</parameter> directive will be used for the duration - of this chapter.</para> - - <para>The <command>login</command>, <command>agetty</command>, and - <command>init</command> programs (and others) use a number of log - files to record information such as who was logged into the system and - when. However, these programs will not write to the log files if they - do not already exist. Initialize the log files and give them - proper permissions:</para> - -<screen><userinput>touch /var/log/{btmp,lastlog,faillog,wtmp} -chgrp -v utmp /var/log/lastlog -chmod -v 664 /var/log/lastlog -chmod -v 600 /var/log/btmp</userinput></screen> - - <para>The <filename>/var/log/wtmp</filename> file records all logins and - logouts. The <filename>/var/log/lastlog</filename> file records when each - user last logged in. The <filename>/var/log/faillog</filename> file records - failed login attempts. The <filename>/var/log/btmp</filename> file records - the bad login attempts.</para> - - <note><para>The <filename>/run/utmp</filename> file records the users that - are currently logged in. This file is created dynamically in the boot - scripts.</para></note> - -</sect1> |