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diff --git a/chapter07/profile.xml b/chapter07/profile.xml deleted file mode 100644 index 226dd9fac..000000000 --- a/chapter07/profile.xml +++ /dev/null @@ -1,162 +0,0 @@ -<?xml version="1.0" encoding="ISO-8859-1"?> -<!DOCTYPE sect1 PUBLIC "-//OASIS//DTD DocBook XML V4.5//EN" - "http://www.oasis-open.org/docbook/xml/4.5/docbookx.dtd" [ - <!ENTITY % general-entities SYSTEM "../general.ent"> - %general-entities; -]> - -<sect1 id="ch-config-profile" revision="sysv"> - <?dbhtml filename="profile.html"?> - - <title>The Bash Shell Startup Files</title> - - <indexterm zone="ch-config-profile"> - <primary sortas="e-/etc/profile">/etc/profile</primary> - </indexterm> - - <para>The shell program <command>/bin/bash</command> (hereafter referred to - as <quote>the shell</quote>) uses a collection of startup files to help - create an environment to run in. Each file has a specific use and may affect - login and interactive environments differently. The files in the <filename - class="directory">/etc</filename> directory provide global settings. If an - equivalent file exists in the home directory, it may override the global - settings.</para> - - <para>An interactive login shell is started after a successful login, using - <command>/bin/login</command>, by reading the <filename>/etc/passwd</filename> - file. An interactive non-login shell is started at the command-line (e.g., - <prompt>[prompt]$</prompt><command>/bin/bash</command>). A non-interactive - shell is usually present when a shell script is running. It is non-interactive - because it is processing a script and not waiting for user input between - commands.</para> - - <para>For more information, see <command>info bash</command> under the - <emphasis>Bash Startup Files and Interactive Shells</emphasis> section.</para> - - <para>The files <filename>/etc/profile</filename> and - <filename>~/.bash_profile</filename> are read when the shell is - invoked as an interactive login shell.</para> - - <para>The base <filename>/etc/profile</filename> below sets some - environment variables necessary for native language support. Setting - them properly results in:</para> - - <itemizedlist> - <listitem> - <para>The output of programs translated into the native language</para> - </listitem> - <listitem> - <para>Correct classification of characters into letters, digits and other - classes. This is necessary for <command>bash</command> to properly accept - non-ASCII characters in command lines in non-English locales</para> - </listitem> - <listitem> - <para>The correct alphabetical sorting order for the country</para> - </listitem> - <listitem> - <para>Appropriate default paper size</para> - </listitem> - <listitem> - <para>Correct formatting of monetary, time, and date values</para> - </listitem> - </itemizedlist> - - <para>Replace <replaceable><ll></replaceable> below with the two-letter code - for the desired language (e.g., <quote>en</quote>) and - <replaceable><CC></replaceable> with the two-letter code for the appropriate - country (e.g., <quote>GB</quote>). <replaceable><charmap></replaceable> should - be replaced with the canonical charmap for your chosen locale. Optional - modifiers such as <quote>@euro</quote> may also be present.</para> - - <para>The list of all locales supported by Glibc can be obtained by running - the following command:</para> - -<screen role="nodump"><userinput>locale -a</userinput></screen> - - <para>Charmaps can have a number of aliases, e.g., <quote>ISO-8859-1</quote> - is also referred to as <quote>iso8859-1</quote> and <quote>iso88591</quote>. - Some applications cannot handle the various synonyms correctly (e.g., require - that <quote>UTF-8</quote> is written as <quote>UTF-8</quote>, not - <quote>utf8</quote>), so it is safest in most - cases to choose the canonical name for a particular locale. To determine - the canonical name, run the following command, where <replaceable><locale - name></replaceable> is the output given by <command>locale -a</command> for - your preferred locale (<quote>en_GB.iso88591</quote> in our example).</para> - -<screen role="nodump"><userinput>LC_ALL=<replaceable><locale name></replaceable> locale charmap</userinput></screen> - - <para>For the <quote>en_GB.iso88591</quote> locale, the above command - will print:</para> - -<screen><computeroutput>ISO-8859-1</computeroutput></screen> - - <para>This results in a final locale setting of <quote>en_GB.ISO-8859-1</quote>. - It is important that the locale found using the heuristic above is tested prior - to it being added to the Bash startup files:</para> - -<screen role="nodump"><userinput>LC_ALL=<locale name> locale language -LC_ALL=<locale name> locale charmap -LC_ALL=<locale name> locale int_curr_symbol -LC_ALL=<locale name> locale int_prefix</userinput></screen> - - <para>The above commands should print the language name, the character - encoding used by the locale, the local currency, and the prefix to dial - before the telephone number in order to get into the country. If any of the - commands above fail with a message similar to the one shown below, this means - that your locale was either not installed in Chapter 6 or is not supported by - the default installation of Glibc.</para> - -<screen><computeroutput>locale: Cannot set LC_* to default locale: No such file or directory</computeroutput></screen> - - <para>If this happens, you should either install the desired locale using the - <command>localedef</command> command, or consider choosing a different locale. - Further instructions assume that there are no such error messages from - Glibc.</para> - - <!-- FIXME: the xlib example will became obsolete real soon --> - <para>Some packages beyond LFS may also lack support for your chosen locale. One - example is the X library (part of the X Window System), which outputs the - following error message if the locale does not exactly match one of the character - map names in its internal files:</para> - -<screen><computeroutput>Warning: locale not supported by Xlib, locale set to C</computeroutput></screen> - - <para>In several cases Xlib expects that the character map will be listed in - uppercase notation with canonical dashes. For instance, "ISO-8859-1" rather - than "iso88591". It is also possible to find an appropriate specification by - removing the charmap part of the locale specification. This can be checked - by running the <command>locale charmap</command> command in both locales. - For example, one would have to change "de_DE.ISO-8859-15@euro" to - "de_DE@euro" in order to get this locale recognized by Xlib.</para> - - <para>Other packages can also function incorrectly (but may not necessarily - display any error messages) if the locale name does not meet their expectations. - In those cases, investigating how other Linux distributions support your locale - might provide some useful information.</para> - - <para>Once the proper locale settings have been determined, create the - <filename>/etc/profile</filename> file:</para> - -<screen><userinput>cat > /etc/profile << "EOF" -<literal># Begin /etc/profile - -export LANG=<replaceable><ll>_<CC>.<charmap><@modifiers></replaceable> - -# End /etc/profile</literal> -EOF</userinput></screen> - - <para>The <quote>C</quote> (default) and <quote>en_US</quote> (the recommended - one for United States English users) locales are different. <quote>C</quote> - uses the US-ASCII 7-bit character set, and treats bytes with the high bit set - as invalid characters. That's why, e.g., the <command>ls</command> command - substitutes them with question marks in that locale. Also, an attempt to send - mail with such characters from Mutt or Pine results in non-RFC-conforming - messages being sent (the charset in the outgoing mail is indicated as <quote>unknown - 8-bit</quote>). So you can use the <quote>C</quote> locale only if you are sure that - you will never need 8-bit characters.</para> - - <para>UTF-8 based locales are not supported well by some programs. - Work is in progress to document and, if possible, fix such problems, see - <ulink url="&blfs-book;introduction/locale-issues.html"/>.</para> - -</sect1> |