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<?xml version="1.0" encoding="ISO-8859-1"?>
<!DOCTYPE sect1 PUBLIC "-//OASIS//DTD DocBook XML V4.5//EN"
"http://www.oasis-open.org/docbook/xml/4.5/docbookx.dtd" [
<!ENTITY % general-entities SYSTEM "../general.ent">
%general-entities;
]>
<sect1 id="ch-tools-creatingdirs">
<?dbhtml filename="creatingdirs.html"?>
<title>Creating Directories</title>
<para>It is time to create the full structure in the LFS file system.</para>
<para>Create some root-level directories that are not in the limited set
required in the previous chapters by issuing the following command:</para>
<note><para>Some of the directories below have already been created earlier
with explicit instructions or when installing some packages. They are
repeated below for completeness.</para></note>
<screen><userinput>mkdir -pv /{boot,home,mnt,opt,srv}</userinput></screen>
<para>Create the required set of subdirectories below the root-level by
issuing the following commands:</para>
<screen><userinput>mkdir -pv /etc/{opt,sysconfig}
mkdir -pv /lib/firmware
mkdir -pv /media/{floppy,cdrom}
mkdir -pv /usr/{,local/}{bin,include,lib,sbin,src}
mkdir -pv /usr/{,local/}share/{color,dict,doc,info,locale,man}
mkdir -pv /usr/{,local/}share/{misc,terminfo,zoneinfo}
mkdir -pv /usr/{,local/}share/man/man{1..8}
mkdir -pv /var/{cache,local,log,mail,opt,spool}
mkdir -pv /var/lib/{color,misc,locate}
ln -sfv /run /var/run
ln -sfv /run/lock /var/lock
install -dv -m 0750 /root
install -dv -m 1777 /tmp /var/tmp</userinput></screen>
<para>Directories are, by default, created with permission mode 755, but
this is not desirable for all directories. In the commands above, two
changes are made—one to the home directory of user <systemitem
class="username">root</systemitem>, and another to the directories for
temporary files.</para>
<para>The first mode change ensures that not just anybody can enter
the <filename class="directory">/root</filename> directory—the
same as a normal user would do with his or her home directory. The
second mode change makes sure that any user can write to the
<filename class="directory">/tmp</filename> and <filename
class="directory">/var/tmp</filename> directories, but cannot remove
another user's files from them. The latter is prohibited by the so-called
<quote>sticky bit,</quote> the highest bit (1) in the 1777 bit mask.</para>
<sect2>
<title>FHS Compliance Note</title>
<para>The directory tree is based on the Filesystem Hierarchy Standard
(FHS) (available at <ulink
url="https://refspecs.linuxfoundation.org/fhs.shtml"/>). The FHS also specifies
the optional existence of some directories such as <filename
class="directory">/usr/local/games</filename> and <filename
class="directory">/usr/share/games</filename>. We create only the
directories that are needed. However, feel free to create these
directories. </para>
</sect2>
</sect1>
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